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Bell’s palsy vs. stroke: What’s the difference?

Here’s a breakdown of differences in Bell’s palsy and stroke symptoms and prehospital care differences

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As a paramedic, it’s important to be able to differentiate between the Bell’s palsy and stroke while assessing a patient.

Photo/Virginia Department of Health

Bell’s palsy and stroke symptoms can sometimes resemble each other, but the two couldn’t be more different. As a paramedic, it’s important to be able to differentiate between the two while assessing a patient.

[Read next: When a stroke is not a stroke: A case study]

Here’s a breakdown of differences in Bell’s palsy and stroke symptoms and prehospital care differences.

What is Bell’s palsy?

Bell’s palsy, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, is a form of temporary facial paralysis. When a patient is suffering from Bell’s palsy, the facial nerve becomes disrupted and an interruption in messages to the brain results in facial weakness or paralysis.

The disorder, NINDS notes, isn’t related to stroke. It is, however, the most common cause of facial paralysis. In rare cases, Bell’s palsy can affect both sides of the face. Most often, it affects only one side of the face.

And for those who are wondering – Bell’s palsy was named after Sir Charles Bell, a Scottish surgeon who made the connection to the condition.

What is a stroke?

A stroke, according to the American Stroke Association, occurs when a clot blocks a blood vessel that’s carrying oxygen and nutrients to the brain. As a result, the brain can’t get blood and oxygen and brain cells die.

There are two types of stroke:

1. Ischemic stroke: when a clot obstructs the flow of blood to the brain.

2. Hemorrhagic stroke: when a blood vessel ruptures, preventing blood flow to the brain.

A temporary clot causes transient ischemic attack (TIA), also known as a mini stroke.

Stroke, ASA notes, is the number five cause of death and leading cause of disability in the U.S.

Differences in symptoms

Symptoms of Bell’s palsy vary depending on the case; they also range in severity from mild weakness to total paralysis.

Stroke symptoms
Bell’s palsy symptoms
Trouble walking, speaking and understanding
Twitching
Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg
Weakness or paralysis on one side of the face; in rare cases, both sides of the face
Problems with coordination, stiff muscles, overactive reflexes or paralysis of one side of the body
Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
Fatigue, lightheadedness or vertigo
Dryness of the eye or mouth
Blurred vision, double vision, sudden visual loss or temporary loss of vision in one eye
Impairment of taste
Pins and needles or reduced sensation of touch
Excessive tearing in one eye
Difficulty swallowing
Pain or discomfort around the jaw and behind the ear
Headache
Ringing in one or both ears
Rapid involuntary eye movement
Headache, dizziness
Mental confusion
Difficulty eating or drinking

Prehospital care treatment of Bell’s palsy vs. stroke

Once you’ve made your assessment on whether or not your patient is suffering from Bell’s palsy or stroke, your next step is to provide proper prehospital treatment.

Prehospital treatment for stroke and Bell’s palsy victims includes:

Stroke victims
Bell’s palsy victims
Assess the airway, breathing and circulation
Assess the airway, breathing and circulation
Determine the time of onset of symptoms
Determine the time of onset of symptoms
Perform a neurological exam
Perform a neurological exam
Check blood sugar
Focus your exam on the forehead
Establish an IV route, but don’t give large amounts of fluid
Ask about recent viral infection
Establish a baseline 12-lead ECG
Ask about recent immunization
Reassure the patient, who is often times very anxious
Transport the patient as soon as possible
Transport the patient as soon as possible
Reassure the patient, who is often times very anxious
Give the receiving ED a head’s up
Give the receiving ED a head’s up

Additionally, the COWS mnemonic can be used for examining a possible Bell’s palsy patient:

  • C: Close eyes
  • O: Open eyes
  • W: Wrinkle forehead
  • S: Smile

And, if you’re still unsure about a patient’s assessment, ask your patient to raise their eyebrows. If a patient has Bell’s palsy, their eyebrows will rise asymmetrically.

This article was originally posted Sept. 26, 2017. It has been updated.

Sarah Calams, who previously served as associate editor of FireRescue1.com and EMS1.com, is the senior editor of Police1.com and Corrections1.com. In addition to her regular editing duties, Sarah delves deep into the people and issues that make up the public safety industry to bring insights and lessons learned to first responders everywhere.

Sarah graduated with a bachelor’s degree in news/editorial journalism at the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas. Have a story idea you’d like to discuss? Send Sarah an email or reach out on LinkedIn.

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